Essence Of Decision: Explaining The Cuban Missile Crisis

Substance Of Decision: Explaining The Cuban Missile Crisis Substance of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, by Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow looks at the earth shattering Cuban Missile Crisis, which was one of the best demonstrations of strategy during the Cold War. Allison and Zelikow investigate through three distinctive theoretical focal points obliging the peruser to look further into basic techniques for international strategy examination. Allison and Zelikow assess the occasions of the thirteen days in October 1962 to exhibit the models of strategy investigation from alternate points of view. The creators give sufficient verifiable audits, proof and reports of the occasions, and offers intensive investigations of the significant time of the atomic age by likewise introducing new strategies to consider with international strategy activities. The three theoretical models, which can be utilized to investigate strategy activities; the Rational Actor, Organizational Behavior, and Governmental Politics Models are portrayed and applied to the Cuban Missile Crisis case. Each model shows various highlights and territories of the major choices made by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the emergency. Allison and Zelikow explain that despite the fact that there is no entire comprehension of the circumstance as it occurred at that point, and it will never be likely, anyway utilizing these three hypothetical focal points it will help increase a closer understanding and a greater amount of an attention to the entirety of the components and the decisions that were made at that point. In this article I will endeavor to draw some comprehension of the choices the United States made towards the Cuban Missile Crisis by utilizing Allisons three calculated focal points from the Essence of Decision, which is an investigation of the emergency itself and the dynamic in the goals method. Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow present Model I as the most regularly utilized technique for assessing international strategy activities, this strategy is named the Rational Actor Model, otherwise called RAM. Smash is a method of understanding approach activities taken by states, by thinking about the nation as a discerning unitary on-screen character. The balanced structure is additionally the most often utilized strategy in deciding choices between strategy decisions in the reception and assessment phases of the approach cycle. While dissecting an activity attempted by a state towards another express, the RAM presumes the activities occurred are planned, esteem expanding and key. The creators quote for every clarification a demonstration comprises of indicating what objective the legislature was pressing together when it acted and how the activity was a sensible decision, given the countries objective (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 15). This permits us to see how individuals approach deciding, as it is done verifiably, without the individual unexpectedly acknowledging they are doing it. The principle inquiries in the Essence of Decision book that were replied with respect to the emergency are; Why did the Soviet Union spot hostile rockets in Cuba? For what reason did the US react to this activity with a barricade around Cuba? What's more, for what reason did the Soviet Union pull back rockets accordingly? Taking a gander at the circumstance in understanding the US dynamic response to the activities, the RAM investigation considers in the wake of assessing a number alternatives, and considering Kennedys objectives, by surveying the nature of the quest for choices and their individual results, and check whether the last decision vowed to accomplish his unique objectives to the degree that the dynamic procedure approaches this perfect model, we can say that it was sane (Allison 1999, p.33), and a bar would have the most obvious opportunity with regards to sending the ideal message to Moscow without inciting a military reaction. Allison and Zelikows Rational Actor Model, looks at the subject of whether we can see plainly the move made by a nation in the worldwide strategy field as a balanced decision? For example, the idea of limited reasonability shows up obviously in international strategy dynamic, in any event, when there is a focal chief of a state, for instance a pioneer or president who has incomparable decision over all approaches, their discerning dynamic will be prevented by the way that they have no clue about what the rival is thinking. This can be alluded back to the Cuban Missile Crisis; where President Kennedy and his counselors, the ExComs bombed endeavors at attempting to comprehend why Khrushchev settled on specific choices and activities. Since the global arrangement field frequently manages serious oppositional adversaries who keep their actual expectations covered up as a methods for achieving what they need (Lindbolm, 195 9, p.113-127). President Kennedy turns into the driver of the discussion by ensuring his group warily makes each stride of the emergency to test further ramifications of every choice and to inspire them to think bigger (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 357) as the mass of occupying atomic war falls upon him. In this manner encourages us comprehend why the US settled on a discerning choice with the barricade as it had a few points of interest, one being it didn't comprise direct assault, furthermore it put the weight of the following proceed onward Khrushchev, and furthermore kept different choices open. This is the point at which the USSR chose to pull back, that is on the grounds that it remembered US vital prevalence. The book contends that in actuality the USSR threw in the towel in face of US admonitions that further activities would follow if the rockets were to get operational. The subsequent Model, Allison and Zelikow presents are the Organizational Model of international strategy. In this model, it is comprehended that nations and governments are not unitary entertainers but rather are expressed as immense conglomerate(s) of inexactly associated associations, each with its very own significant existence (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 143). The creators express that Governments see issues through authoritative sensors㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦they characterize options and gauge results as their part associations. Also, process data So, the administration developments are less legitimate decisions settled on by one focal chief, however are the creations of numerous associations all working as per standard examples of conduct. The impacts to consider with this hierarchical model represent that the significance of taking a gander at legislative activities thusly gives us an away from of why the United States settled on the choices in this emergency. For instance, almost all administration activities in international strategy are completed by associations, regardless of whether it is the Forces or the CIA, for this situation, the legislature doing the arrangements are separated with the military and insight offices. Moreover, hierarchical activities are additionally restricted and known by standard working techniques, with what has been done previously. The model which the creators present gives us an inquisitive chance to take a gander at the job of bodies that play in international strategy making in various ways. In Model II, Allison and Zelikow present a perspective on choices that are totally all around requested by the organization, despite the fact that it may not be the administration that settles on the choice. In understanding the United States dynamic procedure with Model II, the thoughts of the EX-Com that delivered potential options were on the other hand replied by the associations, What explicitly, should be possible? (Allison Zelikow, 1 999, p. 225). President Kennedys activities were restricted by what the military associations could do, since their activities and choices made were sponsored up with understanding and past decisions in international strategy. Quintessence of Decision shows that authoritative limits are central in worldwide approach making. Model II likewise permits us to comprehend instances of how hierarchical practices shake the execution of specific approaches. For instance, the circumstance by the Soviet soldiers absence of cover of the rockets in Cuba, and President Kennedy racing to control with the practice runs over Soviet air space. On the off chance that this happened after the emergency had started, there may have begun an atomic war because of wrong translation other than a practice run. This model recommends that there is in every case more to the circumstance of a reasonable choice. The creators permit us to glance through different focal points to give us a greater amount of a compre hension of how the US settled on specific choices all through the emergency. The third model that Allison and Zelikow outline in the Essence of Decision is the Governmental Politics model otherwise called the Bureaucratic model. Model III comprises of strategy activities as a procedure where state on-screen characters bring their own considerations, conclusions and thoughts together to accomplish separate objectives and choose a game-plan all things considered, which may struggle with one another. In Essence of Decision the creators clarify why it is important to distinguish the games and players, to show the alliances, deals and bargains, and to pass on some vibe for the disarray (Allison Zelikow, 1999, p. 257). For this situation, different people, speaking to different authoritative interests take part in a procedure to accomplish an arranged cooperative choice, which will speak to the approach of a state. During the Crisis all US choices were made by ExCom, President Kennedys inward hover of guides that were formed together explicitly for the rocket emerg ency. Allison and Zelikow talked about the Ex-Com individuals and their thoughts, the importance of the Cuban issue to Kennedy, and by and large attempt to outline a general political air behind the U.S. choices. Allison proposed in the book that as a result of the disappointment of Bay of Pigs intrusion, the Republicans in the United States congress made Cuban approach into a significant issue for the forthcoming congressional races later in 1962. Thusly President Kennedy chose a solid reaction as opposed to a conciliatory one. Despite the fact that most of ExCom at first preferred air strikes, those nearest to the president, (his sibling Attorney General, Robert Kennedy and Special Coun

Motivating Staff through Efficient Management-Samples for Students

Question: Do reseach on Rousing Staff through Efficient Supply Chain Management. Answer: I am anticipating complete an exploration on Motivating Staff through Efficient Supply Chain Management. This specific point will prepare would-be building supervisors with simple aptitudes of empowering their subjects through viable flexibly chain the executives. It will furnish them with a chance to apply information assembled in class in their genuine circumstances. Freely accessible optional information on Motivating Staff through Efficient Supply Chain Management will be sourced from; https://data.gov.au/dataset?q=engineering+managers+Efficient+Supply+Chain+Managementsort=extras_harvest_portal+asc%2C+score+desc%2C+metadata_modified+desc. Auxiliary information assembled from this site in addition to other pertinent sources will be utilized to clarify the chose theme. Which components can designing chiefs use to make an intelligent and testable model important to assemble a feasible gracefully chain? Another examination theme is; what original building firms are doing exceptional with respect to spurring their staff through proficient gracefully chain the executives? Singular worker level of inspiration, efficiency, and the associations center standard of execution are the factors whose relationship will be examined in this examination. I am intending to investigate the relationship which exist among these factors that is whether corresponding or disproportional. Staff inspiration, effectivenessandengineering flexibly chain the board are some of words and expressions I propose to use in Google researcher among other web indexes to recognize writing in the field of the examination question. As indicated by Manzoor, (2012), profoundly energetic staff individuals depict a nearly more elevated level of profitability than their workers who are less roused. Nonetheless, Ganta, (2014) in his writing bring up that staff inspiration is anything but a key determiner of a people profitability since different factors such understanding, demeanor, peer impact altogether impact execution at working environment. Osabiya, (2015) states that an organizations standard of execution relies totally upon the individual efficiency of each representative and inspiration is a key determiner of their commitment. References Ganta, V. C. (2014). Inspiration in the working environment to improve the representative performance.International Journal of Engineering Technology,2(6), 221-230. Manzoor, Q. A. (2012). Effect of workers inspiration on hierarchical effectiveness.Business the board and strategy,3(1), 1. Osabiya, B. J. (2015). The impact of representatives inspiration on authoritative performance.Journal of open organization and strategy research,7(4), 62-75.

PTSD Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes, Treatment, and Coping

PTSD Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes, Treatment, and Coping PTSD Print An Overview of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Definition Who Is Affected Types of PTSD Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Treatment Options In Children For Loved Ones View All People who have lived through a traumatic event can find themselves experiencing emotional challenges long after the event has taken place. Although it is common for people to experience emotional challenges after trauma, their symptoms can lessen in intensity over time as they continue to heal. However, people who struggle with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) find themselves experiencing symptoms that continue to cause them significant distress. Verywell / Joshua Seong Definition The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-5, is a manual that clinical professionals use to diagnose mental health conditions. In previous years, PTSD fell under the category of anxiety-related conditions. The current version of the manual has placed post-traumatic stress disorder under the category of trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder can develop after the experience of a traumatic event, either a single isolated event or more chronic and recurring traumatic experiences.?? A variety of emotional disturbances and symptoms are associated with PTSD that cause clinically significant distress or impairment in the persons social interactions, their ability to work, or other important areas of functioning. Who Is Affected It is estimated that there are currently around 8 million people in the United States who are living with PTSD.?? These numbers vary depending on things like gender, emotional response to trauma, and other factors. Altogether, it is estimated that 7 to 8 percent of people will experience PTSD at some point during their lifetime. About 70 percent of adults in the US have reported experiencing a traumatic event at least once in their life.?? With this in mind, it is important to note that most people who experience a traumatic event will not develop PTSD. Some factors that can contribute to the likelihood of developing PTSD include things like: Mental or physical health condition??Emotional response during the traumaType of traumaGender (studies have shown women to be twice as likely to have PTSD)??AgeMarital statusEmotional support systemExperience of additional stressors after trauma Types of PTSD Within the diagnosis of PTSD there can be certain specifiers identified, which means there are distinct features present that make it different from the more broad diagnosis of PTSD. Some of these specifiers are identified in the DSM-5 including: Dissociative??Delayed onset/expression Preschool One of the changes made in the most recent update of the diagnostic manual for clinicians is the inclusion of specific PTSD symptoms for children six years or younger. As children witness and live through traumatic events they, too, can experience emotionally distressing symptoms after the event.?? Just as with adults (and anyone over six years old) there are certain criteria that need to be met in order for a young child to be diagnosed with PTSD. Dissociative The dissociative specifier within the PTSD diagnosis refers to the presence of persistent or recurrent depersonalization or derealization symptoms.?? Depersonalization means that someone is experiencing something as if they are an observer to themselves, observing from outside of their body. Derealization refers to sensing as if things around you are not real, almost as if you are unfamiliar and disconnected from the world around you. Delayed Onset The term delayed onset was recently changed to delayed expression in the DSM-5. Although people with this particular specifier do meet the necessary criteria for PTSD, the criteria are not fully met until at least six months after the traumatic event.?? A person could experience the onset and expression of some of the symptoms more immediately, however, the full symptom criteria for diagnosis would not have been met until after that six-month mark. Complex Sometimes people can experience isolated, acute instances of trauma such as a horrific car accident or being robbed at gunpoint, for example. These would be considered acute because they are not likely to become recurring experiences. There are other types of traumatic events that can be more recurring, such as domestic violence, sexual abuse, or childhood neglect.?? The person would experience the event again and again over the course of time. When people have experienced this type of more chronic trauma, it is sometimes referred to as complex PTSD. Symptoms Although there are many people who will experience a traumatic event in their lifetime, many will not develop PTSD. There are certain symptoms that someone needs to be experiencing, referred to as diagnostic criteria, in order for them to be accurately diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD symptoms are divided into four separate clusters including: 1) Re-experiencing: Frequent upsetting thoughts or memories of a traumatic event.Having recurrent nightmaresFeeling as though the event were happening again, sometimes called a flashback??Strong feelings of distress when reminded of the eventBeing physically responsive, such as increased heart rate or sweating, when reminded of the event. Coping With Re-Experiencing Symptoms in PTSD 2) Avoidance: Making an effort to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic eventActively trying to avoid places or people that remind you of the traumatic event??Keeping yourself too busy to have time to think about the traumatic event Emotional Avoidance in PTSD 3) Hyperarousal: Having a difficult time falling or staying asleepFeeling more irritable or having outbursts of anger??Having difficulty concentratingFeeling constantly on guard or like danger is lurking around every cornerBeing jumpy or easily startled Hyperarousal in PTSD 4) Negative Thoughts and Beliefs Having a difficult time remembering important parts of the traumatic eventA loss of interest in important, once positive, activitiesFeeling distant from others??Experiencing  difficulties having positive feelings, such as happiness or loveFeeling as though your life may be cut short Many of these symptoms are an extreme version of our bodys natural response to stress. Understanding our bodys natural response to threat and danger, known as the fight or flight response,  can help us better understand the symptoms of PTSD. Diagnosis To be diagnosed with PTSD, you dont need to have all these symptoms. In fact, rarely does a person with PTSD  experience all the symptoms listed above. To receive a diagnosis of PTSD, you only need a certain number of symptoms from each cluster.?? Additional requirements for the diagnosis also need to be assessed, such as how you initially responded to the traumatic event, how long youve been experiencing your symptoms and the extent to which those symptoms interfere with your life. For an accurate PTSD diagnosis, you would need to review these things with a qualified mental health professional. PTSD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Coping The symptoms of PTSD can be difficult to cope with, and as a result, many people with PTSD can be susceptible to developing unhealthy coping strategies, such as alcohol or drug abuse?? or deliberate self-harm. Because of these risks, it is important to develop a number of healthy coping skills to manage your PTSD symptoms. Coping strategies you can work on incorporating in your life include: Learning how to  cope with anxietyFinding healthy ways to  manage your emotions??Learning how to cope with unpleasant thoughts and memoriesManaging  sleep problemsBeing able to identify and cope with PTSD triggersManaging flashbacks and dissociation Treatment Options A number of psychological treatments have been found to be effective in helping people cope with the symptoms of PTSD. Some of these include: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD focuses on changing the way in which you evaluate and respond to situations, thoughts, and feelings, as well as unhealthy behaviors that stem from your thoughts and feelings.Exposure therapy is a behavioral treatment for PTSD that aims to reduce your fear, anxiety, and avoidance behavior by having you fully confront, or be exposed to, thoughts, feelings, or situations that you fear.Acceptance and commitment therapy is a behavioral treatment that is based on the idea that our suffering comes not from the experience of emotional pain, but from our attempted avoidance of that pain. Its overarching goal is to help you be open to and willing to have your inner experiences while focusing attention not on trying to escape or avoid pain, since that is impossible to do, but instead on living a meaningful life.??Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another highly effective therapy for treating PTSD that involves thinking about your trauma while paying attention to an outside stimulus, such as a light or a finger moving back and forth. It helps you make new connections between your trauma and more positive thinking. In Children Children are not immune to the challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder. The National Child Traumatic Stress Institute (NCTSI) states that more than two-thirds of children have reported at least one traumatic experience by the age of 16.?? Additionally, it is estimated that 19 percent of injured and 12 percent of physically ill youth have PTSD. Potential Childhood Traumatic Experiences Psychological, physical or sexual abuseCommunity or school violenceWitnessing or experiencing domestic violenceNatural disastersTerrorismCommercial sexual exploitationSudden or violent loss of a loved oneLife-threatening illness or accident Because children can have a more difficult time processing their experiences and coping with the lasting emotional impact of trauma, it is important for support people (caregivers, relatives, etc) to allow children the opportunity to talk about their experience. A critical part of a childs recovery and healing is their support system. Having a strong support system and access to trauma-informed care is essential to their healthy coping and overall healing. For Loved Ones Finding ways to support a loved one with PTSD can be a struggle. One of the most helpful things you can do is learn about the symptoms and the challenges of living with post-traumatic stress disorder.?? Becoming familiar with what your loved one might be experiencing can help increase compassion and understanding, making it easier to have conversations about their challenges. Inviting and encouraging your loved one to seek help from a trained professional is paramount. Since unaddressed symptoms of PTSD can become more severe over time, it is important to try and help your loved one find helpful resources to begin the healing process. Do not be afraid to ask your loved one about their experiences and be open to actively listening. You are not expected to fix anything, just allow your loved one space to talk openly without fear of judgment or criticism. Ask your doctor or mental health professional for a recommendation or referral to someone who specializes in treating PTSD. How Is PTSD Diagnosed?

Gun Control and Regulation Essay - 1716 Words

Gun Control and Regulation The idea of gun control and regulation is becoming more and more popular throughout the U.S., although it may still bring up resistance among some people. Guns are sort of a foundation of American culture. This countrys freedom was won over bloody and heroic wars with guns. Guns are portrayed throughout television, movies, and video games. Guns are a popular symbol of power, control, authority, dominance, and can be associated with security and defense. The role guns play in our society is a highly controversial debate. I will support the gun control and regulatory side of this topic as a short-term realistic goal. There are both avid supporters of the 2nd amendment guaranteeing American†¦show more content†¦among all other industrial nations. Next to automobile fatality, gun violence is the second leading cause of death by injury in the U.S. It should become first by the year 2003 unless something is done to prevent it. In the early nineties for example, four s tates -- Nevada, Virginia, Louisiana, and Texas had trends of gun injury as the top cause of death. This type of violence it seems is almost as epidemic as AIDS is in causing death. That is a very scary thing to consider. (gunfree.org) The National Center for Health Statistics reports that firearms have taken the lives of 35,957 people in the U.S. in 1995. There is a 21.5% firearm fatality increase since 1985. And, of these fatalities, suicides rank first at 18,503 people; homicides second at 15,835 people; unintentional shootings next at 1,225 people; and 394 were undetermined. (gunfree.org) Now I would like to demystify several arguments used against gun control. The first one assumes that gun control wont stop gun violence or crime. Most criminals get guns through legal means contrary to what the gun lobby says to justify having a huge availability of guns. This is proven by the Criminal Justice Research Center. They apparently surveyed that only 27% of adult inmates and 43% of j uveniles have bought handguns illegally on the black market. On the other hand, of these inmates, 69% of adults and 55% of juveniles obtained guns through means like retail, gun shops, privateShow MoreRelatedGun Control And Gun Regulation1867 Words   |  8 PagesGun regulation has been a serious controversial topic over years. Politicians from opposite parties always have extensive debates about it during election time. Advocates for gun right believe the ability to own a gun gives people protection. Advocates for gun restriction believe guns are weapons and would do more harm than good. In the past years, the deathly incidents involving guns have significantly increased. Shooting in Orlando and the shooting in Dallas are one of the most memorable eventsRead MoreGun Control And Gun Regulation1806 Words   |  8 PagesAs I know, gun regulation has always been a controversial topic among the United States. According to a Federal report, Lisa M. Hepburn and David Hemenway discovered that over 60 percent of all homicides in the United States in 1999 involved a firearm and firearm ownership in the United States, particularly handgun ownership, is much more common than in other developed nations(Firearm Availability and Homicide: A Review of the Literature). Also the research of the Homicide Trends in the United StatesRead MoreGun Control Regulations Act Of 19751058 Words   |  5 PagesLafayette have recently been the settings of dreadful tragedies. Each of these catastrophes results in select politicians, and even President Barrack Obama, demanding Gun control across the United States of America. Some anti-gun activists desire stricter gun laws, while other anti-gun activists have acquired aspirations for a ban on all guns across the nation. They claim that the Second Amendment is outdated, and that we will be safer in the complete absence of firearms. 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According to Cornell University Law School in their legal information institute the second amendment is defined as, â€Å"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keepRead MoreGun Control1095 Words   |  5 PagesGun Control: The Battle Rages On Abstract This paper discusses and is centered around the on-going debate over gun control, I directly address how each major political party views this subject and what I believe the United States Government should do to be able to best combat this tremendous issue. I use research from multiple sources that contrast each side of the argument and give an overall insight into the world of modernized gun control. Gun Control: The Battle Rages On With the Second

Revenge In Beowulf And Iliad - 1605 Words

According to the Merriam- Webster dictionary Vengeance or revenge is defined as â€Å"a punishment inflicted in retaliation for an injury or offense†. Vengeance could be classified as a form of justice at times. And is seen through Beowulf and Iliad. In Beowulf, it seen through numerous characters. Revenge is a unique emotion in which is can be very motivating to accomplish a certain task, to serve for justice. In Iliad, Achilles using the feeling of Revenge to complete his journey. Comparing the two stories, vengeances is shown in both, and both stories have a unique way of related the events of the story to the events and the culture and society at the time the stories were written. Revenge in Beowulf: In Beowulf revenge is a motivating†¦show more content†¦The love a mother shares for her child is unexpectedly powerful, and although Grendel s mother may be weaker and smaller in size compared to Beowulf, she has he own advantages, as she is fighting in her own cave which was under the lake. She put up a fight under her mother’s fury, and her spike and heath of revenge as she realizes that it was Beowulf that killed her son, although Beowulf defeated her with the help of his weapons and his skills from being a warrior. Grendel’s mom was the first fight of revenge within the poem, and it served as a warning to mankind, that everyone must not fight based purely on revenge, and it will not end in favor of the city. It therefore, proves that that holding on to someone or something for long periods of time, could eventually destroy oneself mentally or physically. It is interesting to that the revenge of Grendel’s mother almost was a example to take not, th at revenge doesn’t solve our problems, this seems to be mentioned again at the end of the poem by Wiglaf. Another example of revenge seen in the poem Beowulf is the Germanic tribe. With this example, it is unique in the sense that the Germanic tribe was used in hopes of peace in Garland. Hrothgar was hoping to make peace by having his daughter marry into the Hathobards. Although upon, Beowulf return, he saw that this plan had its flaws and was unsure of the success of the plan. The last main example of revenge seen in BeowulfShow MoreRelatedEssay on Beowulf and Achilles1178 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf and Achilles Beowulf is a story about a man named Beowulf who desired fame and fortune in life. The Iliad had a character named Achilles who is similar to Beowulf because he also desired glory. But they are two completely different stories written at different times and different places by different people. Both stories have unique qualities such as dragons in one and multi-gods in the other and that is what makes fictitious stories like these classics. Since achieving fame is aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 851 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay offers literary analysis of Beowulf, the oldest epic poem that has survived in English literature. It is also widely known as the earliest surviving piece of literatures in vernacular European Literature. The language of this poem is Old English, spoken by Saxon people. This poem depicts a traditional story that is a part of oral Germanic tradition. As per experts, this is work of a single poet and was composed in then England. 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The Iliad is an epic poem by the Greek poet Homer, which describes some of the most significant events towards the end of the Trojan War. In particular, it recounts the acts and character of the Greek warrior, Achilles. Although Achilles wishes to liveRead MoreBeowulf Vs. Achilles Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesTasia McCoy Sophia DeSilva English 12 30 September 2015 Beowulf Vs. Achilles The Old English poem, Beowulf, doesn’t have an author. Nobody is one hundred percent sure about the history of Beowulf. All they know is that its about a warrior and a monster in conflict. Homer wrote â€Å"The Iliad,† roughly a thousand years before Beowulf. They were both a part of the ancient Greek world. Though Homer was blind, some scholars believe that a philosopher as a blind man had an exceptional inner vision. (72)Read MoreHeroes Are The People In The Society That We Admire For1048 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature, the community also shapes the heroes too. 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The emphasis of these texts throughout the curriculumRead MoreAchilles vs Beowulf compare and contrast Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Compare and contrast Achilles vs Beowulf The way of the warriors Achilles and Beowulf were two characters that had an amazing power that made his name lives for hundreds of years. Great warriors need some to have some specific characteristics to reach their fame because we have seem in some heroes that they have gods strong, a unique way to be and goals to achieve. Comparing the character of Achilles and Beowulf who were two of the best warrior of the history we could know if there areRead MoreBeowulf Essay : Beowulf 1473 Words   |  6 PagesHyunsu (John) Kim Prof. Hohl ENG2800 November 10, 2016 Beowulf Paper II The poem, Beowulf, explores its protagonist’s—Beowulf’s—heroism through a series of three increasingly difficult conflicts with Grendel; Grendel’s mother; and the dragon—, each of which exemplifies an aspect of the Anglo-Saxon heroic code. Beowulf’s first encounter with Grendel demonstrates the importance of reputation as a means of establishing one’s legacy, even beyond death; Beowulf’s triumph over the seemingly indomitableRead More12 Literary Piece1670 Words   |  7 Pages12 Literary piece that have Influenced the World 1. The Bible or the Sacred writings: This has become the basis of Christianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia 3. The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. 4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs of

Class Distinctio Free Essays

Jane Austin critiques the way in which people put the importance of status to their actions, as we see the distinction between the gentry and trade being interwoven in her novels. In her essay on Class, Juliet Master remarks that, â€Å"Class difference was of course a fact of life for Austin, and an acute observation of the fine extinctions between one social level and another was a necessary part of her business as a writer of realistic fiction† (1 15). In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Class Distinctio or any similar topic only for you Order Now Collins instructs Elizabeth to dress simply, and not to try to copy the elegant attire of her high-standing hostess Lady Catherine as he says, â€Å"Lady Catherine is far from requiring that elegance of dress in us which becomes herself and her daughter She likes to have the distinction of rank preserved† (138). The distinctions in class are not only to be present, but they also have to be seen. However, Jane Austin sets moral status against social status, and for her tutus has to be earned and not inherited. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabethan first impression of Mr. Dairy’s treatment of Victims, makes his moral standards to be not worthy of his standing in society. However, when she learns about his extensive responsibilities and goodness from his servant, her opinion of him changes as Mrs. Reynolds says, He is the best landlord, and the best master, that ever lived; not like the wild young men needlewoman’s commendation bestowed on him by Mrs. Reynolds was no trifling nature. What praise is more valuable than praise of an intelligent servant? As a rather, a landlord. A master, she considered how many people’s happiness were his guardianship! Ђ? How much pleasure or pain it was in his power to bestow!†¦ Every idea that had been brought forward by the housekeeper was favorable to his character. â€Å"—- Jane Student’s characters constantly keep reminding each other of their social class in society. Dairy prides himself on being a gentleman wit h all the duties and obligations that his status entails in Pride and Prejudice. Caroline Bentley also keeps reminding him that he would be lowering himself by associating with the Bennett family s they are connected with trade. What she forgets is that the source of their family fortune on which their status is founded is trade. Emma is a rich woman who does not want to associate with the middle class in Emma. Janet Todd argues that, â€Å"Emma wants Highborn to remain as almost feudal, stationery through time, so that she will always be ‘paramount’. † (96) This suggests that social class is very important to her and this portrays the life of the aristocrats in Student’s day who were opposed to change. Jane Austin questions just what it is that makes a true gentlemen or a lady. Social ann. must be part of it but intruding by the example of Lady Catherine. Her domineering superiority and sense of her own dignity is evident in all she says and does. Her unquestionable authority and right to control people’s lives is evident when she confronts Elizabeth about her rumored engagement to Mr. Dairy as she says, â€Å"your alliance will be a disgrace; your name will never even be mentioned by any of us† (186). It is obvious that because of her status, she thinks that she can treat other people the way she wants. She thinks that Elizabeth is not fit to marry Mr. Dairy because they do to belong to the same social, class but her daughter does. In response to her confrontation, Elizabeth tells Lady Catherine that â€Å"Dairy is a gentleman; am a gentleman’s daughter; so far We are equal† (186). However, Elizabeth is not dissuaded by Lady Catering’s threats and status. Juliet Macerates remarks that, â€Å"so much suggests that for Austin there is nothing divine about royal ¶y’, and not much that is special about peers. In fact characters with tittles – or ‘handles to their names’ as the Victorians used to say – are seldom admirable in the novels† (1 16). Even though Lady Catherine holds a title, she is morally and intellectually not worthy. It is only the likes of Mr. Collins who want to climb up the social ladder who succumb to her every whim, as she enjoys Mr. Collision’s flattery and his enthusiasm to give it. In an attempt to remain in her good books and to keep the company of the likes of Lady Catherine, Mr. Collins even knows how many windows Risings estate has. He reveals his self- importance in extraordinary long-winded speeches and ponderous attempts at social grace. Even though Lady Catherine thought of herself as Ewing superior, her tastes are offensive and pretentious. This is because she lacks inborn intelligence and breeding. Her attitudes and behavior offer an illuminating contrast to Mr. Dairy. Who does not wish to show off like other young men in his shoes. However, like his contemporaries, he despises the lower social class. This becomes evident when he advices Mr. Bentley to end his relationship with Jane. When Elizabeth accuses him that he had not behaved in a gentleman-like manner, he realizes how â€Å"selfish and overbearing’ he has been. Through Elizabethan prompting, he learns that while status is important, true breeding is not dependent on rank. Here Jane Austin wants us to realist that, even though the gentry are from a higher class they are not different from the other classes. It is not superiority that makes one a Lady or a gentlemen but it is compassion. In Emma, Mr. Knightly is a true gentlemen because he does not pride himself on his rank. Unlike other status-conscious people of his rank, he walks instead of riding in his carriage. His carriage is only used to transport Miss Bates and Jane Fairfax. He manages his own estate and he does not look down upon other people as we e him in conversing with his tenant Robert Martin. In contrast in Sense and Sensibility, Mr. Dashboard, is deficient of the dedication that makes good curators and ethical aristocrats of Mr. Dairy and Mr. Knightly. Through class distinction, Jane Austin also draws attention to the unfairness of primogeniture, which unfairly privileges one family member to inherited the whole estate, instead of dividing it equally between siblings as would be the normal thing to do today. This allowed the first born son to inherit everything while others remained with nothing. This was done so as to preserve the state and the family name, because if the estate was to be divided then it would eventually come to an end. In Pride and Prejudice, the Bennett girls are to be turned out of Longhorn at the death oftener father, because the estate has to be inherited by a male relation who will keep it the family. Similarly in Sense and Sensibility, the Dashboard girls are made homeless because the old gentlemen Mr. Dashboard wants the family estate to go to a male heir who will pass it on to his sons. This then renders the female siblings to be inferior to their male siblings as Juliet Master argues, â€Å"one might suppose that the filings in a single family would be almost by definition of the same rank. But even here there are marked differences in status, not only between sons and daughters , but also between one son and another’ (119). Not only does Jane Austin condemn the unfairness of the inheritance system, but she also expresses disapproval of the significant difference in prestige between elder daughters and younger daughters. In Pride and Prejudice, we see Elizabeth saying, â€Å"l think it will be had very hard upon younger sisters, that they should not have their share of society and amusement because the elder ay not have means or inclination to marry early. The last born has as good a right to the pleasures Of youth as the first†¦.. During Jane Student’s time, the eldest daughter was more prestigious than her younger sisters. Jane is called Miss â€Å"Bennett† while her sisters are addressed by their first names. The younger daughters could not be out in society before the eldest. While if the younger sister got married before the eldest, she also gained superiority over her elder sisters as we see Lydia saying to her eldest sister Jane, â€Å"ah! How to cite Class Distinctio, Papers

Marijuana Legalization Essay Summary Example For Students

Marijuana Legalization Essay Summary Most Americans do not want to spend scarcepublic funds incarcerating nonviolent marijuanaoffenders, at a cost of $23,000 per year. Politiciansmust reconsider our countrys priorities and attachmore importance to combating violent crime thantargeting marijuana smokers. Marijuana prohibition costs taxpayers at least$7.5 billion annually. This is an enormous waste ofscarce federal dollars that should be used to targetviolent crime. Marijuana prohibition makes no exception for themedical use of marijuana. The tens of thousands ofseriously ill Americans who presently use marijuanaas a therapeutic agent to alleviate symptoms ofcancer, AIDS, glaucoma, or multiple sclerosis riskarrest and jail to obtain and use their medication. Between 1978 and 1996, 34 states passed lawsrecognizing marijuanas therapeutic value. Mostrecently, voters in two states Arizona andCalifornia passed laws allowing for the medicaluse of marijuana under a physicians supervision. Yet, states are severely limited in their ability toimplement their medical use laws because of thefederal prohibition of marijuana. America tried alcohol prohibition between 1919and 1931, but discovered that the crime andviolence associated with prohibition was moredamaging than the evil sought to be prohibited. Withtobacco, America has learned over the last decadethat education is the most effective way todiscourage use. Yet, America fails to apply theselessons to marijuana policy. By stubbornly defining all marijuana smoking ascriminal, including that which involves adultssmoking in the privacy of their own homes, we arewasting police and prosecutorial resources, cloggingcourts, filling costly and scarce jail and prison space,and needlessly wrecking the lives and careers ofgenuinely good citizens. Marijuana legalization offers an importantadvantage over decriminalization in that it allows forlegal distribution and taxation of cannabis. In theabsence of taxation, the free market price of legalmarijuana would be extremely low, on the order offive to ten cents per joint. In terms of intoxicatingpotential, a joint is equivalent to at least $1 or $2worth of alcohol, the price at which cannabis iscurrently sold in the Netherlands. The easiest way tohold the price at this level under legalization wouldbe by an excise tax on commercial sales. Anexamination of the external costs imposed bycannabis users on the rest of society suggests that aharmfulness tax of $.50 $1 per joint isappropriate. It can be estimated that excise taxes inthis range would raise between $2.2 and $6.4 billionper year. Altogether, legalization would save thetaxpayers around $8 $16 billion, not counting theeconomic benefits of hemp agriculture and otherspinoff industries.

Unavoidable War Essays - Foreign Relations Of The Soviet Union

Unavoidable War Historians have been analyzing the causes of World War I or the Great War since it?s conclusion. Common consensus indicates several underlying circumstances setting the stage for the subsequent outbreak of carnage. The major world power participating in the formation of alliances between, the buildup of weapons, and nationalist feelings considered the primary reasons. Such preparation and posturing by World powers turned the war of Austria-Hungry and Serbia to escalate into the largest scale conflict in history up to that point. The nature of European history made the buildup and outbreak of World War I unavoidable and inevitable. The nature of Europe made the build?up of alliances between the continents superpowers unstoppable. European nations throughout history have required no greater provocation to declare war other than a high chance of success. Previous to World War I small countries only possible defense against inevitable invaders was to ally itself with a larger more powerful countries. The continual struggle for power in Europe called for countries to become empires purely out of competitive necessity. Such a trend could never have been stopped since European nature before the World Wars involved everyone trying to gain an advantage in whatever way possible and anyone who did not comply was quickly conquered. The alliances that eventually formed directly transformed a common invasion with a common inadequate justification into the Great War. In addition to the formation of alliances, the build-up of military previous to World War I was a culturally motivated and could not have been prevented. The history between European countries of repeatedly attacking each other caused a feeling of fear between nations. They responded to this terror by attempting to create the most powerful military and navy to defend themselves. Previous to World War I Germany and Britain were in a heated race to control the seas while the rest of the continent was scrambling to stay close on both land and sea. Such a situation was unavoidable since in Europe, a climate where countries rise and fall constantly, to have an inferior military is unacceptable. Due to constant competition between countries World War I was waiting to happen and when it did it featured a scale of armed forces that had never been seen. The formation alliances and gargantuan militaries were made possible by the nationalist feelings within various European nations. Germany, France, Britain, and Russia all were motivated by deep feelings of nationalism. These countries feelings of entitlement, and the bitter rivalries between them have been a leading cause in various European conflicts including World War I. Nationalist feelings took shape by Germany wanting to take over neighboring countries due to it?s feelings of superiority and how France was furious at Germany for taking over part of their land in a previous war. The rivalry between France and Germany was made more apparent after the war when France campaigned for the crippling of Germany through the Versailles Treaty. Nationalism motivated World War I the same way that it has motivated wars between European nations for centuries. Whenever something terrible happens it is human nature to go back and wonder what one could have done better. Usually a bad decision, mistake or chance was what caused a misfortune but sometimes something is predetermined and going to happen eventually no matter the actions of and individual or group. The blame for World War I has been passed around for a hundred years now but what one must remember is that a ?great war? was going to happen anyways and that immediate preventable causes are insignificant compared to underlying causes, which are often outside of anyone?s control.

Everybody Speaks Hamlet

Everybody Speaks Hamlet Everybody Speaks Hamlet Everybody Speaks Hamlet By Maeve Maddox Someone once said that every generation has its favorite Shakespeare play. Hamlet was a favorite with the Victorians. Macbeth enjoyed a great popularity in the first half of the 20th century; Othello in the second half. It seems to me that King Lear may be the play that will come to be associated with the early 21st century. Whatever the general trend, Hamlet is always near the top of Shakespeare favorites. As a result, quite apart from the famous To be or not to be and What a work is man soliloquies, many of the speeches, lines, and phrases have become embedded in our everyday speech. English speakers who have never read the play or seen it acted are likely to use one or more of the following expressions or some form or another: To thine own self be true Though this be madness, yet there is is method in t. The lady doth protest too much, methinks In my minds eye The plays the thing Frailty, thy name is woman! Neither a borrower nor a lender be to the manner born Alas, poor Yorick! Ay, theres the rub Brevity is the soul of wit Conscience does make cowards of us all Dog will have its day Get thee to a nunnery Hoist with his own petard in my heart of hearts It smells to heaven murder most foul Sweets to the sweet Not a mouse stirring something is rotten in the state of Denmark Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Why is it very important that this world see Jesus as Lord Essay - 1

Why is it very important that this world see Jesus as Lord - Essay Example Here, prophet Isaiah intended to warn the people of Judah against the wrath of God and makes to them a promise that eventually God will comfort his people and will make them strong again. In that context, prophet Isaiah makes many prophesies about Jesus and the coming of the Lord and Savior. It specifically needs to be mentioned here that the word ‘Immanuel’ used by prophet Isaiah to refer to Jesus means â€Å"God is with us† and hence prophet clearly prophesied that not only will Jesus come to Erath, but that Jesus is truly the Lord. Prophet Isaiah goes on to refer to the coming of Jesus as the Lord and savior of the people. Here again prophet Isaiah goes on to prophesy that Jesus is the Lord and Savior. Prophesies about Jesus being Lord is continued on in the New Testament. The Gospels many a time mention Jesus as Lord and declare Jesus to be Lord. These are the word from the Gospel of John, written by John, one of the disciples of Jesus. In this Gospel John writes about the period A.D. 26-30, when Jesus taught and performed miracles. The Gospel of John clearly shows to the people that Jesus is Lord. Believing the scriptural evidence that confirms Jesus as Lord, it is the duty of people to totally surrender to Jesus, as one surrenders before one’s Lord. Going by the fact that Jesus is Lord, it is the duty of the believers to live for Him. For instance, when around 627 B.C., when people of Judah mocked and hated prophet Jeremiah, he prophesied the mercy of God, and the restoration of the people of God, through the coming of Messiah by saying that: â€Å"The days are coming, declares the Lord when I will raise up to David a righteous Branch, a King who will reign wisely and do what is just and right in the land. In his days Judah will be saved and Israel will live in safety. This is the name by which he will be called: The LORD our Righteousness.† Yet history has stood witness to the fact that time and again people

Hurrican Katrinia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hurrican Katrinia - Essay Example aled to both the contractors who designed and built the wall as well as the Army Corps Engineers the nature of the weak layer of soft soil that made the base of the floodwall’s steel piling foundation. In addition, the primary design for the steel sheet foundation for the walls indicated a suggested depth of 10 feet having the calculations made with wall base at 12.8 feet. Furthermore, a New Orleans engineer claimed that the depth was later on increased to a depth of up to 17 feet. Nonetheless, although the corps maintained their claim that the wall depth was 17 feet, investigations carried out by a forensic engineering group from Louisiana State University by use of sonar revealed that the piling sheets were 10 feet (Shrum, 2014). Also, investigations of the constructions on the Industrial Canal and London Avenue levees showed that they were below the stated standards. Other reports indicated that homeowners along the 17th Street Canal close to where the site of breach appear ed had previously reported about a constant leakage from the canal that flooded their yards a year before the Hurricane Katrina. Therefore, aside from the fact that the storm heave formed remarkable subterranean pressures under the floodwalls making the soil under the sheet weaker structural problems in the walls played a role as well (Shrum, 2014). Poor levee maintenance was another underlying factor, whereby, investigations suggest that a probable trigger of the breach on the 17th Street Canal levee may be due to a fallen large oak tree planted rather too close to the levee base. In addition, on the London Avenue Canal, burrowing animals had formed enormous through-ways that undermined the already weakened foundations. Therefore, the local levee boards responsible for maintaining had not done their work as they should have. In addition, the destruction of cypress trees and various vegetations that had previously grew in the brackish waters in the intersection between the Gulf of Mexico

Tasks on Management Skills

Tasks on Management Skills Task 1 Identify and evaluate the importance of the personal and professional skills, outlined above, for a successful manager, which enable the manager to meet organizational and own goals (1.1a) The changing role of management: Mary Parker the mother of modern management ,defined management as the art of getting things done through people . At one time, that meant that managers were called bosses, and their job was to tell people what to do and watch over them to be sure they did it . bosses tended to reprimand those who didnt do things correctly and generally acted stern and bossy. Many managers still behave that way. Perhaps you have witnessed such managers yelling at employees at fast-food restaurants or shop floors. Today management is changing from that kind of behavior. Managers are being educated to guide, train, support, motivate, and coach employees rather than to boss them around. Modern managers in progressive companies emphasize teamwork and cooperation rather than discipline and order giving. Managers in some high-tech and progressive firms of all kinds dress more casually, are more friendly, and generally treat employees as partners rather than unruly workers. In general, therefore, management is experiencing a revolution. Managers in the future are much more likely to be working in teams, thisll appraise them below them as well as those above, and theyll be assuming completely new roles in the firm. The following table summarizes the managers different roles. Planning Setting organizational goals Developing strategies to reach those goals . Determining resources needed. Setting standards. Directing Leading, guiding, and motivating employees to work effectively to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. Giving assignments Explaining routines Clarifying policies Providing feedback on performance. Organizing: Allocating resources, assigning tasks, and establishing procedures for accomplishing goals. Preparing a structure (organization chart) showing lines of authority and responsibility. Recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.. Placing employees where theyll be most effective. Controlling Measuring results against corporate objectives. Monitoring performance relative to standards. Taking corrective action. Some modern managers perform all of these tasks with the full cooperation and participation of workers. Empowering employees means allowing them to participate more fully in decision making. Tasks and skills at different levels of management: Anyone who has ever played a sport such as basketball, football, or soccer knows theres a tremendous difference between being an excellent player and excellent coach (manager). Often a good player will volunteer to coach the neighborhood team and be disaster as a manager. The same thing happens in business. Few people are trained to be managers. Rather, the process of becoming a manger is similar to the sports example. A person learns how to be a skilled accountant or salesperson or production line worker, and then- because of his or her skill- is selected to be a manger. The tendency is for such managers to become deeply involved in showing others how to do things, helping them, supervising them, and generally being very active in the operating task. The further up the managerial ladder a person moves, the less such skills are required. Instead, the need is for people who are visionaries, good planners, organizers, coordinators, communicators, morale builders, and motivators. Managers must have three skills: Technical skills: involve the ability to perform tasks of a specific department such as selling (marketing) or bookkeeping. Human relation skills: include leadership, motivation, coaching, communication, morale building, training and development, help and supportiveness, and delegating. Conceptual skills: refer to mangers ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship of various parts to perform tasks such as planning, organizing, controlling, system development, problem analysis, decision making, coordinating, and delegating. The first line managers need to be skilled in all three areas. Most of their time is spent on technical and human relation tasks (assisting operating personnel, giving direction, and so forth). First line managers spend little time on conceptual tasks. Top managers, on the other hand need to use few technical skills. Instead, almost all of their time is devoted to human relations and conceptual tasks. One whos competent at one level of management may not be competent at higher levels and vise versa. The skills needed are different at different levels. The most difficult task for most managers to learn is delegating. Whats delegating? Delegating is assigning authority and accountability to others while retaining the responsibility for results. Managers are usually selected from those who are skilled at doing what the people they manage are doing. As we noted earlier; most progressive managers of the 21 st century will be team leaders. They will set specific goals in corporation with a team of workers, set up feedback and communication procedures (control procedure) , and minimize the tendency to continually look over the teams shoulder to make sure its doing things the managers way . Employees will be given freedom (empowered) to decide the hows and whens of completion of specific tasks as long as the goals are accomplished on time. Decision-making is choosing among two or more alternatives. It sounds easier than it is in practice. In fact , decision making is the heart of all the Management functions. We have six Ds of decision making, which are: Define the problem Describe and collect needed information Develop alternatives Decide which ethical alternative is best Do whats indicated ( implement solution)) Determine whether the decision was a good one and follow up. Managers often have computer terminals at their desks so they can get internal records and external data of all kinds. But again no data in the world can replace a manager who is creative and make brilliant decisions. Decision-making is more art than a science. Its the one skill most needed by managers and leaders in that all the other functions depend on it. Task 2 Provide a range of practical methods suitable for developing or improving the skills discussed in 1.1b Learning managerial skills: We have explored the broad categories of skills needed by various levels of management. Now lets be know more about specific skills needed to be a good manager. a) Verbal skills: The bulk of a managers duty will involve communicating with others. a communicate his idea to others. To prepare for such tasks, he should take oral communication courses. At least half of communication is skilled listening. A good manager mixes with other managers, workers, clients, stockholders, and others outside the firm . he or she listens to recommendations and complaints and acts on them. Active listening requires the asking of questions and feeding back what youve heard to let others know he is truly interested in what they say. b) Writing skills: Managers must also be able to write clearly and precisely. Much of what he want others to do must be communicated through memos, report, policies, and letters. Organizations every where is complaining about many graduates in ability to write clearly (which will affect our future managers). So if from now on, a future manager, develop good writing skills, he will be miles ahead of his competition. That means he must practice writing, it helps to write anything like, diary, letters, notes and so on. With practice he will develop the ability to write easily- just like he speaks. Also with this shill he will be more ready for his career in management. c) Computer skills: The office of the future will be an office full of computers and related technology. Memos, charts, letters, and most of other communication efforts will involve the computer. When a manger is practicing writing, practice on a word processor. The truly efficient manager of the future will be able to effectively use and take advantage of the continuing developments in technology. d) Human relations skills: A manger works with people and that means that good managers know how to get along with people, motivate them, and inspire them. People skills are learned by working with people. good leaders begin early by assuming leadership positions is sports, community groups, and so on. A manager must be aware of how others react with him. If he cause negative feelings or reactions, he has to learn why? He doesnt be afraid to make mistakes and upset others. That is how he could learn. But also he has to learn how to work with others . What is managing diversity? Is building systems and a culture that unite different people in common pursuit without undermining their diversity. Research has shown that heterogeneous (mixed) groups are more productive than homogenous (similar) groups in the work place .men and women, young and old, and all other mixes of people can learn not only to work together but also to work together with more success. In the future, mangers must learn how to deal effectively with people from different cultures. Managers will also be asked to work in foreign countries. The more skilled he can become in other languages and in working with diverse cultural groups, he will be an effective manager. e) Time management skills: One of the most important skills for new mangers to learn how to budget their time effectively. There are many demands on managers time that they need to learn to control telephone interruption, visits from colleagues, questions from subordinates, meetings scheduled by higher management, and such. . This could be by setting priorities, delegating work, choosing activities that produce the mot results and dealing with interruption. f) Technical skills: To rise through the ranks of accounting, marketing, finance, production or, any other functional area , the manager should be proficient in that area. About 60 percent of top mangers have taken courses beyond their bachelors degree. The most common areas of technical expertise among top managers are accounting and finance together. Marketing came in second. Slightly more than half of the top 1000 chief executive officers in the country has a graduate degree. As an example of the skills needed by managers to carry out their work successfully, Ill apply it on my organization and how they are trying to develop these skills from now .They believe that we are the future managers and professors, so we have to learn and apply these skills from now on . I work as a teacher assistant in MIU ( Misr International University). We use to have to attend workshops to improve and develop our ( assistants) skills. These work shops were mainly discussing the following topics : Lesson planning Class management Time management Presentation skills Look at these , these are skills needed from us to have as future professors in MIU.We have to learn how to control a class, how to deal with trouble makers, how to finish what we plan for in the time required..etc. They kept telling us that we are the managers of the class . They resembled the class as an entire organization and Im the leader, manager, controller and evaluator . also they train us to parctice talking in English all the time , to be able to handle all the class teaching in English. Also we have to have excellent computer skills. All of these skills is better off to be learned from now , to apply it in our future careers. This is a simple article from the internet disscussing what should managers do to develop their career. What is expected of me? How well am I doing? Sales Manager: You need to learn how to do relationship selling. Sales Associates response: What exactly does that mean? Executive to manager: You need to be more of a leader and less of a traditional manager. Managers response: What exactly does that mean? The world of work is changing so fast, its difficult to communicate changing expectations quickly and clearly. This is especially true in areas such as sales skills, project management skills and leadership skills. The changes expected in these areas arent easy to observe and measure and, up to now, most companies didnt attempt it. But with competition heating up and hierarchies melting down, the focus on performance and career development has become more intense. For this reason, competencies have become a new tool in the workplace. Competencies are clearly spelled out expectations for a certain role (a leader) or a job (sales associate). They go far beyond a job description to create a template for ideal performance. This tool can then be used for things such as hiring, day-to-day coaching, training and development and performance reviews. Once individuals know what the expected competencies are, the next question is, How am I doing on them now? Many organizations put the competencies into a format that can be used as a feedback instrument. Then they use it to gather 360 degree feedback. This refers to getting feedback from people all around you; your boss, your peers and your employees. Gathering feedback from other colleagues has many advantages. In addition to his or her managers feedback, it also reveals what peers and employees think. It is more comprehensive and less prone to individual bias, since there are multiple perspectives. For example, a manager, who may have thought that his boss was just being picky about his communication skills, will begin to take it seriously when everyone around him is also suggesting that he needs improvement in that area. But there are pitfalls to avoid when setting up competencies and a feedback system like this. If it isnt done well, the damage control will overshadow any good that may have come from it. Here are some things to consider:  · Create a participatory process, where representatives help to establish the competencies and how they will be used. If this process is done to them, rather than by giving them some control, there will be more resistance during implementation.  · Make the competencies as specific to the job as possible. The more generic they are the less effective they will be. In addition, it is key to word the competencies in behavioral language, so everyone knows what the competency means. For example, instead of Effective sales skills, include some behaviors, such as, Builds trust through accountability, honesty and follow-though, or Looks for additional ways to help clients solve their business problem before, during and after the sale, or Makes realistic commitments for themselves and the team, and does what it takes to keep those commitments.  · Use the feedback for coaching and development rather than a for a performance review or to weed out ineffective managers. Although it can eventually be folded into the performance review process, it creates less defensiveness if people have a chance to work on their skill gaps before they are evaluated on them. It isnt fair to surprise employees with a performance review on expectations they havent seen before.  · No matter how open the culture is, people are reluctant to be honest unless they can give feedback anonymously. Later, if managers are genuinely willing to discuss their feedback openly, individuals will come forward with their personal feedback and advice. Initially, each manager should collect data from a minimum of three or more peers and three or more employees so that confidentiality is preserved.  · Time and trouble can be avoided by using an experienced third party to guide the group and to independently gather and tabulate the feedback for each manager. When we help organizations with this process, we find that people are more willing to be honest when they know that a neutral party is doing the tabulation and individual feedback reports.  · Give the data and any summary report back to the manager, not to their boss. Hold managers accountable for creating an action plan that they will co-develop with their manager. The plan should include how they plan to leverage their top strengths and how they plan to improve their weaker areas. The plan should also include how the boss can help with that development.  · An overall report on the organizations strengths and development needs can be used to determine what the training priorities are, what should be included in a core curriculum and where training dollars should be spent.  · An independent third party can provide help to a manager who is struggling with his/her feedback and what to do about it. If they are unfavorably surprised by what their peers or employees think, they will probably appreciate guidance in how to approach their colleagues for more clarity.  · Managers should meet with their manager at least once a year to go over their action plan and discuss progress. The best career development happens on the job, so its important that manager play an active role by coaching their employee, giving them new and challenging assignments that will play to their strengths and develop weaker areas. Companies are realizing that more sophisticated performance management has a bottom -line pay off and individuals are demanding more coaching and development on the job. Systems like these can be a win/win for everyone. Outcome 2 Personal Skills Audit Task 3 Provide evidence of the various personal skills audits carried out as an aid to understanding where you stand with regards to achieving the objective of becoming a more effective manager. These to include the obligatory analyses of the personal learning style and skills audit. Choose from the strengths and weaknesses these reveal, samples that will affect the development of the 4 skills from outcome 1 (1.2a). SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT Good Time Management is an essential quality for anyone who needs to work efficiently and effectively in an everyday working environment. It is essential if you are to achieve the organizations objectives and indeed the individuals personal objectives. There are many techniques which, when combined, give an individual (or team) the skills required to time manage the task effectively. In a nutshell, time management is all about making the most efficient and effective use of your time. Some examples of these skills and techniques are as follows: a. Planning and Organization b. Prioritizing c. Delegating d. Review and Monitoring PLANNING AND ORGANISATION Information/Anticipation: Successful planning requires accurate information from which decisions are eventually made. This accurate information is crucial if these decisions are to be well judged and implemented successfully. An element of anticipation is also a bonus if you are able to best guess a possible arising which may influence your decision. Flexibility: The planning must also be flexible as not all plans are set in concrete Circumstances change and the overall plan must remain flexible and capable of change as the situation determines. Sufficient time spent planning can greatly reduce the overall time taken to complete an activity and should always consider all factors which may have an influence on the tasks final outcome. By giving the objective the correct amount of time in the planning phase, and by factoring in any events which could (if not considered) destroy or devalue the overall outcome of the task. Goal Setting: By ensuring clear goals are set from the outset, and by keeping a constant review of the tasks progress, a successful outcome should ensue when coupled with other skills and techniques in successful time management. Planning should be considered not just in the short term for each single objective but also include daily, weekly and long term planning. PRIORTISING As suggested, planning alone will not necessarily ensure successful objectives are met. Allocated time must also be prioritized in a manner that focuses on the goals set during the planning phase. Many people often spend their day in a frenzy of activity but because they are prioritizing their time correctly, they achieve a lot less output. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO MANAGE EFFECTIVELY ATTRIBUTES OF A MANAGER To manage effectively, an individual requires many skills and various personal qualities to enable the successful completion of his, or her, objectives. The skills and qualities combine to shape the management style of the individual and the style can directly affect the final outcome of the task completion. These attributes could be broken into four main headings as follows: Proficiency Technical Competence Social and Human skills Conceptual Ability Within each of the above headings there are many sub groups which all combine to give the individual manager his unique style of management which can, or may not be, particularly effective. SPECIFIC COMPETENCES Communication: Managing well requires sound communication skills above all else. No manager can relay their planning and intentions without this basic skill. It is vital that communication, by whatever means, relays the information to the staff and that more importantly, the information is understood and deliverable. Two way communication is essential, everyone will have some part to play in the exchange of information and the communication process. Planning: Sound planning ensures the objectives are met and met within the framework of the organizations structure. Effective planning at the outset will ensure there is a realistic chance of completion in line with the goals set. Knowledge and Information gathering: Planning without the necessary information will very often prove unsuccessful. It is vital that the information is gathered and the plan drawn up based on this information. Accurate information is essential if the plan is to prove a success. Problem solving/decision making: As with any plan there are nearly always options and many ways to skin a cat This will involve decision making and problem solving which the manager can make more effectively if the correct information is in place and the correct people in the team consulted. Time prioritizing: Good time management is vital, without it the manager will become less and less effective as his or her time will be spent less and less productively. The art of successful time management is one which all successful managers must master. Training and Development: The workforce can only be as good as they training they receive and the same applies to management. Personal development and training aimed at improving managerial technique should always be encouraged. Review and Monitor: As with all managed tasks, the monitoring and review of the progress and outcome is essential if lessons are to be learned and improved techniques are to be developed. The process on review should encourage an exchange of information of all those personnel involved and sound two-way communication is essential. Goal Setting: The planning and information gathering stage will provide sufficient knowledge for a manager to set some targets and goals. If this information is accurate and the manager skilled in making judgment, a realistic goal can be set with achievable outcomes in the time given. Interpersonal Skills: The ability of the manager to relate to his staff is vital. It is this communication and personal skill which will persuade the staff member to perform for his manager, that feeling of inclusion and a belonging which the manager relays to his staff member. The successful manager needs to be caring, companionate, and where possible remain calm under a crisis. Listening skills are also essential as are negotiating skills. A good team player normally combines most of these interpersonal skills and uses them to good effect in everyday management. 3. PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN TABLE 1:- PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT Skills Examples and evidence Score 1 5 (5 highest) Communication and Literacy skills Good use of written English gained from producing engineering assignments and written formal management reports during my seven years in the Aeronautical Research and Development. department at Bae Systems. Oral presentation skills adequate and improving. Many chances to practice them in seminars and presentations. Prefer making individual presentations to group presentations as then I am more in control of the structure and flow etc. In future I intend practicing any presentation that I have to give in front of a small audience of friends a few times in order to check that it has good content, structure and timing. I am also developing communication skills in a work context. Clear communication between myself and my sub contractors and boss is important. Also, am developing good interpersonal and communication skills in my contact with colleagues at work as well as in my dealings with customers. 4 Group Interpersonal Skills Working with others I have plenty of experience of working as part of a team and being an effective member of a group. This began with sport at school and continued throughout my 27 years in the armed forces where teamwork is essential and vital in certain situations. My current employment offers frequent opportunity to take part in group work as part of the weekly team planning and reporting meetings. I always try to make a positive contribution as my final decision on the outcome of the discussions will decide if the objectives are met, or not. At work, I play the lead role in decision making but consult all my team members on a democratic basis.. This ensures all the team members have a valued input and builds a healthy team ethos. I think that I am quite good at welcoming new employees and helping people to fit in and adjust to the pattern of work. I want to improve my leadership skills further through courses targeted in this area and by continuing to plan and organize team events and expeditions. 4 Organization Personal Skills Independent Learning and Working I am self-motivated as long as the task is interesting and holds my attention. The freedom to make decisions free from senior managers input helps greatly and means I can plan and schedule the work as I choose. Although I feel my Time Management is quite strong, I aim to improve my time management strategies regarding the meeting of programme deadlines for the customer. I currently hold three levels of Sports coaching award and coach Tennis at several different locations. This requires commitment and dedication as the lessons are not always charged for. I have had a number of jobs in the past two years and have been lucky in that I have had to take the responsibility and act on my own initiative in each of the roles. 3 Research Problem Solving Skills I try to view problems as challenges rather than major obstacles. I think that I am systematic and logical when it comes to thinking about problems and their solution. I have developed these skills both as an individual and as part of working in groups where the group task which we are set is frequently of a problem-solving nature, have also gained a good grasp of the processes which one needs to go through to solve problems i.e. problem definition, generating alternative solutions, selection of most appropriate response and the eventual implementation of a carefully-considered solution. 4 ICT Skills I started developing computer skills when I entered into the Research and Development department 9 years ago. I have since carried out the European Computer Driving Licence and work regularly with all MS Office products. I also use MS Project for my planning and scheduling of works but am without formal training on this software. I would like to spend some time on a placement course to improve my skills on this product. I am confident using e-mail and use it on a daily basis both to communicate with my clients, customers and sub-contractors. I also use email a great deal at home to keep in touch with my friends and family. I use the internet for research as well as online banking and booking holidays, reservations, flowers and shopping etc. 4 Application of Numerical Techniques Good basic grounding in maths skills including graphs/charts GCSE grade A and BTEC mechanical engineering. I have good skills at mental arithmetic which is vital for fast track quotations for the customer during unforeseen work and additional items not scheduled. 4 Outcome 3 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Task 4 Provide a personal development plan- see format supplied by Edexcel showing how you intend to use the knowledge from outcomes 1 and 2 to further enhance or develop the skills you need to improve your managerial effectiveness. This to include a statement of objectives (SMART) and a SWOT analysis.(1.3a) DELEGATION Another important technique of successful time management is the ability to delegate work effectively. Delegation, used wisely, is an essential tool of the successful manager. It can free valuable time to enable the manager to target his or her time more effectively and thereby increasing the chances of a successful outcome. Delegation should be applied using the S.M.A.R.T. principles and not over ambitious. Where: S à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Specific M à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Measurable A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Achievable R à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Realistic T à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Time The delegation should achieve the desired results through a clear, concise brief which should match the authority and responsibility of the individual and should be used consistently and through the management/staff chain as required. Another positive outcome of successful delegation include improved flexibility within the team, upskilling, increase in morale and motivation, reduced sick leave and a improved team environment where team members feel more informed and inclusive. Task 5 Provide evidence of the monitoring and feedback undertaken where relevant and any adjustments made to the plan so that

Leaving Home for College: Expectations for Selective Reconstruction of Self

In this article the author’s goal were to analyze the perspectives of 23 upper-middle-class high school students as they move through the college application process and contemplate leaving home. While the students in this study viewed college as a place to develop skills and knowledge to become self-supporting adults, they also viewed it as a place to find their â€Å"true† identity, or simply changing a few things about themselves. This article relates the turning point of attending college to marriage, having children, etc.The students in this study viewed the meaning attending college as finding who they are, starting over, becoming adults, gaining independence, beginning a new life, entering the â€Å"next stage. † All of the students were stressing more on the personal changes in identity and their opinion on themselves more than the actual move to college. It’s a mind over matter issue. Along with finding their true identity, the college bound senio rs in this study viewed attending college as a time to create the person they want to be.They view their upcoming experience as a chance to edit or revise certain parts of their â€Å"biographies. † Also wondering if their families will miss them, if they will no longer play the role they once did before moving away for college. The students in this study were all upper middle class students. They come from families that are well off, successful parents. Most of them knew they were going to college because that’s the thought their parents engraved in their heads therefore they never questioned the idea.Other students just want to keep their social class, coming from a well off family; they themselves also want to be set for their futures. The chapter book that relates to this article, states that academic achievement varies by social class. Basically meaning the more money your family has, the higher chance you have in attending college. That is true in most cases. Jus t as mentioned above, most of the students in this study wanted to carry their social class, and others were going because their parents went.Also, being raised in a low-income family doesn’t predict academic failure. The choice of attending college is mostly up to the person not their background. Many students undergo different experiences in college. Their journey never goes as expected. Along with many experiences are changes. The experience of college changes a lot of students, sometime for the better, others for the worse. It depends wholly on the change the student wants to bring upon their life.

Past and Current Trends Of Use and Abuse of Substances in the United States Essay

Current trends show that illicit drugs are a source of significant cause of mortality in the United States. It accounts for approximately 17,000 deaths annually nearly a thousand in persons aged 12 to 21 years. Illicit drug use is also associated with significant morbidity and has far-reaching public health effects. A National House Hold Survey on drug abuse in 2003 showed that an estimated 19. 5 million Americans aged 12 or over were current users of drugs at that time. The survey showed that marijuana was the most commonly used illicit drug. There was also the use of non-medical use of any prescription-type pain relievers, tranquilizers, sedatives or stimulants. Marijuana even currently is widely used because of its low cost and easy availability. New drugs that have gradually been noted coming into the market include methaqualone in the late 1970s, crack cocaine in the early 1980s, flunitrazepam in early 1990s and most recently Oxycontin (Bulletin on Narcotics, 2003). Teens are the group that is most affected by the drug use in the US. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) shows that among the drugs highly used in the United States are Marijuana which has a the highest consumption, then followed by Psycho- therapeutics, cocaine, Hallucinogens and inhalants. Alcohol is a substance that has a detrimental effect on peoples’ health and is equally commonly used. The survey shows that over 50% of teens have tried an illicit drug by time of high school completion. This is an alarming percentage bearing the devastating effects drugs have in individuals’ lives. However, there is a notable decline in the use of nicotine among the youth- this trend in the history of survey that began in 1997. This is particularly notable since nicotine is often used before any other drugs of abuse (it is used by armatures), and tobacco addiction is the leading contributor to many of America’s public health problems. It is estimated that 19. 5 million Americans aged 12 or older are current users of illicit drugs. The use of cocaine in the US has equally declined over years while that of crack has increased. This has been attributed to the risk that comes along with injecting of ones’ self thus risking AIDS infection. Marijuana was the most widely used illicit drug, in 2003, with an estimated 14. 6 million people being users of marijuana. 2004 reports show that approximately 23% of the students in grade 7-12 had 5 or more drinks on one occasion during the past year. The rate of binge drinking is decreasing from 27% in 2000 to 26% in 2002. Among the 18 to 25 years old group, about 58% were current drinkers and 40% were binge drinkers. The current drinkers among the older group drops to about 50%. Binge drinkers drops to about 23%, and 5% heavy drinkers. About 14% of students in grades 9 through 12 admitted they had driven a car after having had a good bit to drink at least once in the past year, and 24% of the seniors said so. 11% of students in grade 9 through 12 reported having driving when they were high on drugs and 18% of the seniors said so. Cocaine has high prevalence in the United States especially in Texas State. Approximately 7% of the 18 to 25 years old population reported using cocaine. Use of alcohol, but not cigarettes, marijuana and cocaine, is higher among college students than among non-college youth of the same age. There is a significant difference in the use of cocaine between border and non-border Hispanics. More recently, while the use of crack cocaine was decreasing among some populations, in particular African-American, it was increasing among Hispanic youth. The finding shows that there is a disparity by ethic/racial group. Although African-Americans have lower rates of substance abuse prevalence, they have a higher rate of homicides. The attitudes towards the use of drugs have changed over the period of times in American culture. (Kozel, 2003) argues that substance abuse or use in American society reflects â€Å"a wrenching tension between conflicting ideals of liberation and communal obligation. † This has been noted by the increase of use of drug during the period of national crisis like American Revolution, in the civil war and the 1960s, as drug use was linked to independence and forging of new identities. In one way or another change in prevailing ideological and religious beliefs, fluctuations in norms and values and transformations in technology are some of the cultural fluctuations that affect drug use in American society. The African American music, which glorifies drug and violence, is a significant example of how culture promotes and encourages the use of drugs. It is also the norm in the United State for young people to have alcohol as a regular drink forgetting that alcohol is addictive; this culture works to promote the use of drugs. Drugs use has adverse effects on the health of Americans. Mental health of individuals is affected when people use drugs. Drugs use and abuse has been associated with risk-taking behaviors that leads to multiple consequences, including the on going transmission and acquisition of HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmission diseases. These are some of quite challenging health hazards in the contemporary world. In addition, impairment due to drug use can lead to unintended pregnancy, impacts of which are far reaching, as teenage mothers are more likely to not finish high school or college. Drug use is the source of chronic liver disease. America’s chronic liver disease prevalence rate is high at 9. 5. Over 90% of deaths due to this disease happened to individuals in the older age groups. Hispanics have a greater rate of deaths due to chronic liver disease (25. 5) than other groups, 18. 6 for Whites and 12. 7 for African-American. This reflects the effect of Hispanic culture and the influence it has in encouraging drug use. Tobacco is the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States. Lung cancer, heart disease, and illnesses such as emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airways obstruction are responsible for largest number of smoking related deaths. Majority of individuals whose cause of death is lung cancer were in the 65 years old or older group. The age disparity shows long-term effects of cigarette smoking. Alcohol is the substance that is used by the greater percentage of population who use substances. Its use begins early, and the percent of users peaks in early adulthood. Its use continues to be high during adulthood, but the percent of users decline with age. Most hard drug users develop from the use of alcohol and thus alcohol acts as a bridge. Essentially, each drug has its physiological effect on the user. Most drugs are not used in their pure form and may be mixed with harmful substances. In addition the way the drug is used can have health effects. For instance, injecting drugs, in particular with unclean needles, can cause emboli or clots, sepsis and other infections that require medical attention. Sometimes users overdose and die.